日本品牌一向受國際社會的信任,台灣人崇拜日本品牌者更不在少數,但是近年來在日本想買到真正的日貨愈來愈困難,日本知名大廠又接二連三傳出造假、瑕疵、魚目混珠等事件,不禁讓人懷疑,日本品牌神話是否已經成為過去式?
「日經PB社」今年七月曾針對二十歲以上的台灣、南韓、中國、美、法、英、德七國消費者,所做的一項「海外消費者對日本商品的印象」調查,結果顯示,超過半數的各國消費者都認為日本製的產品好,尤其是香港有九五.六%,台灣有八八.八%的消費者都愛用日貨。
日本品牌他國製造現象普遍
喜歡日貨的原因不外是日本商品品質優良且設計創新,很多消費者表示,即使是多花一點錢也願意購買日貨。以品牌來看,在各國消費者心目中,品牌認同度最高的是SONY,尤其是在亞洲國家當中,SONY的崇拜者特別多。其次還有豐田、本田等汽車知名廠牌,東芝和松下等電器廠牌,也都贏得極高的評價。
然而聰明的消費者已經開始注意到一個現象,專誠到日本買的電腦、數位相機、攝影機等家電產品,回台灣仔細一看,全是made in China或東南亞國家製造的,雖然日本廠商牌子,仍掛有品質保證,但是心裡總是覺得差那麼一點。
造假、仿冒、偷工減料頻傳
日本國內消費市場也有所轉變,因為長期的不景氣、通貨緊縮,使得消費者無不勒緊褲帶,開源節流,不管是生活必需品或是奢侈品都不像以往出手大方,便宜的進口商品開始大舉攻佔日本國內市場,即使生活在日本,食、衣、住、行、育、樂要要求「純日本規格」,變成是件不容易的事。日本廠商為了因應消費型態的轉變,以及國際市場的競爭壓力,想盡辦法降低成本來追求利潤,裁員、撤廠、生產據點紛紛外移,造成日本製品不再是「日本製」的情形愈來愈多。以前最重視商業道德的日本企業,面臨經營壓力,甚至鋌而走險,不惜拿長久以來建立的品牌信譽作為賭注,造假、仿冒、偷工減料等事件頻傳。
品質亮紅燈老字號也出事
近年來日貨品質亮紅燈事件就包括,近八十年老字號的雪印乳業品管出問題,造成消費者食物中毒;三菱汽車FUSO卡車脫輪,擊斃路旁孕婦,造成母子三人死傷,三菱PAJERO輪胎傳動軸也傳瑕疵;SONY隨身聽發現軟體瑕疵緊急回收維修;NIKON數位單眼相機D2H、D70因電子零件瑕疵而緊急回收維修;連日本首屈一指的大企業豐田汽車,都在今年十一月宣布,可樂那等十六款人氣車種出現警告燈不亮等瑕疵,決定召回維修一百二十七萬輛左右汽車等等。
雪印事件後又掀出,雪印食品以進口牛肉混充國產牛肉,接著市面上的雞肉、豬肉、鮪魚、芋頭、米、蛤蜊等,陸續都發現以中國產等進口貨混充國產品的情形。三菱汽車早於二○○○年時便掌握了卡車傳動軸設計有瑕疵的事實,卻上下聯手隱瞞真相,直到出了人命被社會追究才出面道歉,表示負責回收維修瑕疵車種。
企業道德良心漸被捨棄
最近日本社會最熱的話題則是,姐齒建築設計師假造防震效果證明報告,蒙蔽通過政府的建築物安全審查,設計師與建商聯手偷工減料,欺瞞消費者賺取利潤,在日本全國各地建蓋了幾百棟無法抵擋五級地震的危樓。這一切的一切都顯現出,日本企業的企業道德、職業良心都在利益衝突之下逐漸被捨棄。
在中、韓、東南亞製品的低價競爭壓力之下,只要是日本製必會暢銷的時代已經過去,日本企業若再不確保高品質的最大優勢,恐怕不只是日本國內消費者會背離,就連迷信日本品牌的海外消費者也都要卻步了。
- Dec 11 Sun 2005 22:06
日本貨NO1? 品牌神話面臨考驗 黃菁菁/東京
- Dec 11 Sun 2005 22:05
失根的薩爾瓦多之瘤 麻辣幫 郭篤為/拉丁美洲
說他們改頭換面一點都不誇張,這些手上拎著簡單衣物二、三十歲的「返鄉客」,都是在美國服刑屆滿後被驅逐出境的薩爾瓦多人;他們離鄉時的純樸和靦腆都留在美國,帶回的是令人感嘆和戰慄的新面目。
中美洲薩爾瓦多年度傳統收割甘蔗的季節已經來臨,糖廠主人加入咖啡園、棉花田莊園主愁眉苦臉的行列。這個幾乎純靠僑匯度日、失業嚴重的國家,竟然找不到下田採收的工人。上周薩爾瓦多農牧部宣布,到明年底至少要引進十萬名外勞,才能應付需求。
糖廠負責原料的經理艾斯里奇表示:「為了填補今年收成一千兩百人中短缺三百個人手,我自己到宏都拉斯鄉下挨家挨戶的去找人,順便當場簽約。」很明顯的薩爾瓦多人對砍一千公斤甘蔗才一塊七美金的工資興趣缺缺,超額獎金也沒有幫助。「工人全跑到美國去賺外匯,我們只有傻瞪眼!」
三分之一人口跑到美國
勞工短缺的問題,要追溯到八十年代由美國支持的反共戰爭。十年內戰期間民眾大量逃往美國並接受給予難民的臨時庇護,造成今天這個人口六百七十萬人的國家竟有二百二十萬僑民在美國的奇特現象。在美國打工的難民中,目前持有臨時保障身分登記的將近二十五萬人。
在美國的百萬鄉親僑匯支撐,薩爾瓦多四年前廢除本身貨幣,成為中美洲繼巴拿馬之後第二個使用美元的國家。以「薩爾瓦多儲備銀行」發布僑匯收入的數據來看,今年前十個月共匯入二十二億九千五百一十萬美元(七百一十一億台幣),如果全國均分的話,每人可以分到三百四十美元(一萬一千五百台幣)。
當然不是每家人都有僑匯收入,也不是人人都過得起用美元買進口貨的新生活。人權組織估計每天平均有超過百名經瓜地馬拉、墨西哥北上投靠親友尋覓「樂園」的淘金族;年輕人失去在家鄉工作的興趣,更遑論下鄉了。八十年代壯丁逃避戰亂和在內戰犧牲,曾使得男女之比一度高達一比五,這歷史數據,正悄悄地捲土重來。
成中美洲最大安全威脅
當成群的年輕人呼朋引伴偷渡北上時,幾乎每周都有包機由美國飛抵聖薩爾瓦多,帶回已經改頭換面的新薩爾瓦多人。說他們改頭換面一點都不誇張,這些手上拎著簡單衣物二、三十歲的「返鄉客」,都是在美國服刑屆滿後被驅逐出境的薩爾瓦多人;他們離鄉時的純樸和靦腆都留在美國,帶回的是令人感嘆和戰慄的新面目。
由於他們在家鄉沒犯法,因此當他們卸下手銬走下飛機由薩國當局清點後,都能昂首闊步走出聖薩爾瓦多國際機場。這些人大多有著共同的特徵:身上、手臂甚或額頭都有代表不同幫派的刺青。
這批事實上不受歡迎的返鄉客,結合移民幫派爭奪地盤的殘酷和美國黑社會的血腥,在短短數年間已經在家鄉發揚光大,也衍生為跨越中美洲國界的最大安全威脅。薩爾瓦多國家民警的統計指出,今年前十個月超過三千人成為社會犯罪的犧牲品,遠比去年全年的二一八四人為多,況且沒有減緩的趨勢。
自詡鱒魚回游卻危害家鄉
由美國遣返的幫派分子,屬於西班牙文字典裡一個新詞MARA,這遠比任何國家少年犯罪兇殘的「麻辣」幫派,據估計已有超過兩萬人,要對薩國三千受害者的55%負責。
「麻辣」一詞源自上世紀四十年代,當時在洛杉磯貧民窟出現一個名為Mara Salvatrucha「拯救鱒魚」的組織,自詡為力爭上游的「鱒魚」並以武力保護自己和親人;但多年來該組織搖身一變成為收取保護費和勒索販毒的幫派,甚至「回游」返鄉危害社會。
十一月初,首都中心聖安娜廣場水泥凳上發現黑塑膠袋裡裝著的一枚少女頭顱,正是「麻辣」炫耀踩入新地盤的血腥例子。而墨西哥警方在過去兩年四個月期間逮捕了一一九三名由「麻辣」指揮的幫派分子,更令鄰國憂心。中美洲國家十月份甚至召開防止麻辣幫派越界串聯的高峰會議,威脅之大已經遠超想像。
內戰留下槍械助紂為虐
聯合國發展組織統計,薩爾瓦多內戰結束後留下至少五十萬把不同口徑的槍械,提供日益擴大的「麻辣」組織發展的配備;全國半數生活在貧困狀態下的民眾,更是這些無所不在的「麻辣」凌虐對象。「薩爾瓦多婦女運動」代表安娜.奧雷利亞納在薩卡總統宣布鐵腕對付社會犯罪時,一語道破關鍵所在:「我們不需要更多的嚴刑峻法,政府應該替年輕一代的出路想想,來疏導而不是引發更大的對抗。」
在鄰國宏都拉斯上周日總統大選前,兩大主要政黨競相以如何對付幫派犯罪作為主要議題爭取選票。執政的「國家黨」總統候選人洛沃聲稱以恢復一九四六年廢除的死刑,鎮攝日益坐大的幫派組織。得票領先的「自由黨」總統候選人賽拉亞建議興建更多的監獄「永久看管」罪犯,但也是治標不治本的權宜之計。
中美洲原本最勤奮工作效率最高的薩爾瓦多,在大量移民留下的單親家庭造成傳統價值流失後,勤奮已逐漸成為過去式。但目前最大的挑戰,還是美國政府透露出明年夏天「臨時保障身分」屆滿後可能消失的訊息。薩卡總統上周親自前往佛羅里達拜會布希總統之弟、傑布.布希州長,請他替二十五萬薩國公民求情,傑布答應代轉,但沒有掛任何保證。
僑匯一旦中止恐引難民潮
宏都拉斯總統馬杜羅也請布希以人道立場考量延長給予宏都拉斯非法居民的工作權,以免約十五億美元(五○四億台幣)僑匯中止,引發難以阻擋的難民潮。
我記得一個周日上午在首都艾斯卡隆大道旁餐廳和老友進餐所見的一幕,一位長字級官員和兒子走進餐廳,兩名隨扈隨即各據兩個進出口,停在外邊的轎車和越野車沒有熄火。這位官員和家人匆匆進餐後隨即離去,緊張的感覺令人忘卻咖啡的美味。入夜後街上車輛和行人稀少,八十年代採訪內戰似曾相識的記憶,再度湧現。
- Dec 11 Sun 2005 22:04
「貞潔戒指」風行全美 楊明暐/《紐約時報》特稿
現年十七歲的美國少女凱蒂.麥克曼過去三年來手上一直戴著一枚刻有特別符號的銀色戒指。凱蒂希望有朝一日這枚戒指能換上一枚婚戒,而這枚戒指也時時提醒她,在結婚前,務必守住貞潔。
凱蒂十四歲那年在匹茲堡參加一場旨在鼓勵青少年禁慾的集會,主辦單位「銀戒時尚」(Silver Ring Thing)除了播放音樂影片,還安排了喜劇表演和演講。在為時三小時的活動中,凱蒂接觸到一個她未曾有過的想法:在世上某個角落,她未來的丈夫正等著她。
凱蒂感動之餘,立志守住自己的貞潔,還向一名陌生人借了十美元,買下她手上戴的這枚銀戒。
過去十年,美國有越來越多年輕人跟凱蒂一樣,發誓要守童貞直到嫁娶之日,並戴上「貞潔戒指」以明心志。
婚前守貞 邁入主流思潮
在美國,婚前守貞似乎正逐漸邁入主流思潮。過去主要由基督教禮品店販售的「貞潔戒指」,如今已成了珠寶連鎖店Zales和亞馬遜網路商店的熱門商品。
對「銀戒時尚」這類主張克制情慾的宗教團體來說,這是可喜的現象。然而,積極推動青少年性教育的人士對這種提倡禁慾的做法一直頗有微詞。他們認為,把禁慾吹捧成一項超凡入聖的美德,會讓青少年得不到他們所迫切需要的性教育,有些人若按捺不住「破戒」,將不知道如何避免感染性病。
「銀戒時尚」引發的爭議還不止這個,美國公民自由聯盟(ACLU)今年五月向法院提出訴訟,控告美國聯邦政府自二○○三年以來非法捐助「銀戒」逾一百萬美元,ACLU宣稱,「銀戒」促銷的,根本就是帶有宗教性質的禁慾活動。
其實從戒指本身就能嗅出濃厚的宗教氣息,「貞潔戒指」大多刻著與基督教有關的圖像,好比耶穌基督的面容、十字架或是荊棘冠冕。還好目前已能買到薔薇花蕾圖案、或鑲著鑽石及珠寶等不具宗教內涵的「貞潔戒指」。
定義貞潔 說法南轅北轍
至於貞潔的定義,也是言人人殊。「銀戒時尚」的主張很嚴,創辦人巴亭告誡說:「你的私處絕不能讓異性碰觸,…口交、肛交、愛撫以及傳統的性交一概不准。」巴亭還說,即使接吻也很危險,接吻會逐漸上升到更熱烈的行為。
禁慾團體「真愛在等待」要求更嚴,該組織的網站寫道:貞潔還意味著拒絕「性的碰觸」、「會引發性慾的肉體關係」以及「會帶來性愛念頭的色情媒介或圖片」。
有些戴「貞潔戒指」的人認為,只要守住「性交」這道最後防線,其他身體接觸無妨。十八歲大學生蒂芬妮.凱莉說,這就像玩電動玩具時使用「金手指」作弊手段,「你並未真正贏得比賽」,同樣,「你也並非真正尊重你的身體」。
更有趣的是,要戴「貞潔戒指」,是否「在室」(童身)並非先決條件,希望二度(或三度、四度)保有貞潔的成人或青少年,把戴上「貞潔戒指」當作他們「再度許身」的象徵,而這種戒指,被稱為「二度貞操戒」。
- Dec 11 Sun 2005 22:02
高科技烹調 菜單也可以吃 【編譯朱邦賢/今日美國報十日電】
芝加哥有家飯店,客人點完菜後可以連菜單一起吃掉,因為菜單是用有帕爾馬乾酪味道的米紙印的,「油墨」則是可以吃的醬油。主廚康塗當場表演,他說,嘗起來有點像義大利飯。
在美國,如果飯店一味打健康牌,恐怕招徠不了多少客人。開飯店,最好「味」不驚人誓不休,包你賺到不行。
世界各地多的是勇於創新的大廚,他們置食物於股掌之間,蒸煮煎炸,千變萬化,恐怕連他們的老媽看到都會瞠目結舌。為了餵飽客人,他們連最新科技都派上用場。正因為他們勇於創新,吃的藝術才得以日新月異。
芝加哥有家飯店,客人拿著菜單點菜,點完後可以連菜單一起吃掉,因為菜單是用有帕爾馬乾酪味道的米紙印的,「油墨」是可以吃的醬油,侍者走開後,就可以吃掉,嘗起來有點像義大利飯。
隔幾條街,另有一家豪華餐廳創新一種菜色,在辣味米花糖上放一片四十美元(約台幣一千三百元)的肥鵝肝,再在羊肉滷汁上撒薄荷碎片提味。
主廚作菜各有巧妙不同,但他們有個共通點,就是都質疑每道菜的準備工作和做法,也同樣希望重新詮釋,連飯店大門如何開,燈如何照明,他們都有意見。他們的廚房工具包括雷射、離心機,液態氮等。
在某些主廚手中,夜晚就如同愛麗絲漫遊的仙境,灌進二氧化碳的水果會冒泡,並發出嘶嘶聲;幾把甜豆就可以做出魚子醬;橄欖油可以凍成果凍,呈肉串狀送到客人面前。
在美國,大部分實驗大廚都受過訓練,也大部分在幾位名廚手下習藝。他們一致表示,能有今天的成就,應歸功於西班牙名廚安德利亞和倫敦郊外肥鴨飯店的名廚布魯曼薩。兩位大師都有實驗室,熔各種科技於一爐,教導後進。
目前總共開了七家分店的名廚安德瑞斯言必稱安德利亞。他說:「安德利亞說,精通科技,瞭解基本面,用點常識,再用雙眼和舌頭,但要放得開,就這麼簡單。」
安德瑞斯和他的同儕一致表示,拜現代廚房科技進步之賜,讓他們迭有佳作。十年來,廚房器具和科技一日千里。主廚可以在精準的低溫下烹烤真空包裝的肉,讓肉的咬勁和美味保全得無比完美。使用液態氮,烹調原料可以立即冷凍。脫水機可以保全蔬果香味和質地。離心機可以澄清果汁。立即運送制度可以確保全世界最好,只有行家才懂得欣賞的原料供應到手。網際網路則可以讓主廚交換心得。
紐約一家飯店的老闆杜佛利斯說:「要對別人的烹調說三道四很容易,須知道,如今看起來簡直是經典之作的烹飪術,當年也是荒誕不經的。任何人只要走在時代尖端,總難免招致批判。」
【2005/12/11 聯合報】
- Dec 10 Sat 2005 16:48
資訊隱藏工具讓 Flickr 變成線上檔案備份中心?
The Digital Photography Weblog 在今天刊出一篇名為「資訊隱匿法與 Flickr 」的文章,向讀者介紹了資訊隱藏 (Steganography) 這個從古希臘時代就有的隱藏訊息技術,以及作者如何利用工具軟體將檔案藏在 JPEG 圖片檔案裡之後送上 Flickr,以達到檔案備份的目的。
如果有興趣嘗試的朋友,首先您必須前往 Sourceforge 下載一個名為 Steghide的小工具,接著找一個圖片或是音樂檔案,就可以開始進行檔案隱藏的工作。由於 Flickr 的 Pro 帳號提供了無限的檔案儲存空間,理論上 Flickr 的使用者確實是有可能將 Flickr 轉變成一個廉價線上檔案備份中心。
2005/08/02 2:15 pm 冰果室編輯部
- Dec 10 Sat 2005 14:02
摩登少林方丈 釋永信扮CEO 林克倫/台北報導
少林方丈應是何種形象,簡居深山古剎鑽研佛理勤練武功?別傻了,那是武俠小說橋段,廿一世紀少林方丈所修練的七十二絕技必須與時俱進,而大陸少林方丈釋永信正以拍電影、搞網站、武術團巡迴表演、販售少林商標權等招式,將方丈改寫成了新時代的CEO。
美國《洛杉磯時報》一篇「功夫僧人趕時髦」的報導指出,現大陸河南嵩山少林寺方丈釋永信雖身披明黃色袈裟、頸戴沉重念珠,但絕大多時間卻是乘著吉普車、飛機雲遊世界各地,並跟好萊塢名人交好,看看釋永信的電影製作人新頭銜,與其稱方丈,其實更像位企業首席執行長(CEO)。
史上最年輕方丈 科技定位少林
現年四十歲的釋永信是少林寺一千五百年來最年輕方丈之一,除了是舉世聞名武術聖地的方丈,還扮演著多重角色,並不僅限於佛學、武學傳統。
他在一九八一年來到少林寺,這座僧眾曾多達二千多人的古剎當時只剩下十二名老僧,靠著一小塊土地耕種維生,每日固定誦經習武、行事低調。
李連杰算是少林寺的救星。一九八二年,首部在少林寺拍攝、由李連杰主演的香港功夫片《少林寺》上映,不但一舉捧紅功夫高手李連杰,也將少林寺捧向國際社會。
釋永信很願意以新科技為少林寺重新定位。一九九六年,當中國大陸民眾幾乎沒聽過網際網路時,釋永信即創立了中國首家寺院網站,並在網上披露一些被視為最高秘密、只傳給接班人的武功秘笈,成功地向外界宣傳少林寺。
而其最新任務是擔任一部述說少林武僧傳奇故事的電影製作人,該電影計畫投資二千五百萬美元,預定於○八年北京奧運會期間上映,而釋永信目前還在籌辦一個由功夫高手的真人秀電視節目「超級男生」。
打廣告牟利 推廣「全球品牌」
釋永信對於利用少林寺名聲打廣告或牟利並無絲毫不安。他認為佛教應站在創新最前沿,佛教是最早使用紙張書寫經文和印刷經卷的宗教之一,他認為廣告未必就是貶義詞,佛塔、佛像是一種廣告形式,「若不做廣告,沒有人會知道少林寺。」
此外,釋永信還將長期與世隔絕的僧人們派往世界各地表演、推廣禪宗少林武術,而為保護少林寺的「全球品牌」,一九九七年少林寺成立公司、聘請律師對商標侵權現象開戰,也曾引起轟動。報導說,隨著中國向市場經濟轉型,少林寺透過火腿腸、汽車、武術學校、防盜門等形形色色授權商品來推廣自己,但對少林寺來說,「為了錢」的質疑也隨之而來。
對此釋永信解釋道,許多人對少林寺保護商標與拍攝電影等商業活動感到不妥,但這樣做恰恰是承襲傳統,歷代僧人都必須適應社會變遷,「我們是僧人,但我們也是公民。」
- Dec 10 Sat 2005 14:02
瑞穗錯單 日股友大撿便宜 李鐏龍/綜合外電報導
日本瑞穗證券公司周四驚傳金額龐大的交易錯單事件,雖造成日股當天由銀行類股帶頭下殺而重挫,但許多投資人卻視此為撿便宜良機,而在翌日大舉敲進銀行類股,周五整體交投因而較前一天放大四七%,達到創紀錄的四.六五兆日圓。周五盤勢也由銀行類股領軍衝高而大漲。事件主角瑞穗證券的母公司瑞穗金融集團,兩天來股價暴落暴起,周四大跌三.四%,周五勁揚二%。
瑞穗證券周四在日股盤後證實,旗下一位員工在掛出由該公司協助、於周四首日上市交易的人力仲介業者J-Com公司股票的賣單時,誤將「每股以六一萬日圓賣出」,寫成「以每股一日圓賣出六一萬股」。基於漲跌幅限制,J-Com股價並未真正跌到一日圓,但已挫至當天跌停價的五七.二萬日圓。
瑞穗證券在發現疏失後,已來不及取消,立刻進行反向買回。據該公司社長福田周四表示,迄已買回大多數價格誤植的股票,蒙受的損失約為二七○億日圓(二.二四億美元),但因為仍需要買回其他部分的股票,因此最後有可能超過三○○億日圓。
二七○億日圓,相當於瑞穗證券迄今年三月底止該會計年度的淨利(二八一億日圓),但僅相當於瑞穗金融集團本會計年度預估淨利六三○○億日圓的四.三%。福田因而強調,這起意外不會危及瑞穗證券的財務穩健。
基於錯單事件損失不至於動搖瑞穗證券及其母公司瑞穗金融集團的財務結構,同時日本經濟大環境前景看好,許多投資人因而視周四的下跌為撿便宜良機。日股指標的日經二二五指數周四大跌一.九%,周五強勁彈升一.四五%。日本第一大金融集團三菱UFJ的股價周五彈升三.二%,已完全收復前日三.一%的跌幅。
- Dec 10 Sat 2005 12:34
Weblog Usability: The Top Ten Design Mistakes
Summary: Weblogs are often too internally focused and ignore key usability issues, making it hard for new readers to understand the site and trust the author.
Weblogs are a form of website. The thousands of normal website usability guidelines therefore apply to them, as do this year's top ten design mistakes. But weblogs are also a special genre of website; they have unique characteristics and thus distinct usability problems.
One of a weblog's great benefits is that it essentially frees you from "Web design." You write a paragraph, click a button, and it's posted on the Internet. No need for visual design, page design, interaction design, information architecture, or any programming or server maintenance.
Weblogs make having a simple website much easier, and as a result, the number of people who write for the Web has exploded. This is a striking confirmation of the importance of ease of use.
Weblogs' second benefit is that they're a Web-native content genre: they rely on links, and short postings prevail. You don't have to write a full article or conduct original research or reporting. You can simply find something interesting on another site and link to it, possibly with commentary or additional examples. Obviously, this is much easier than running a conventional site, and again indicates the benefits of lowering the barriers to computer use.
As a third benefit, weblogs are part of an ecosystem (often called the Blogosphere) that serves as a positive feedback loop: Whatever good postings exist are promoted through links from other sites. More reader/writers see this good stuff, and the very best then get linked to even more. As a result, link frequency follows a Zipf distribution, with disproportionally more links to the best postings.
Some weblogs are really just private diaries intended only for a handful of family members and close friends. Usability guidelines generally don't apply to such sites, because the readers' prior knowledge and motivation are incomparably greater than those of third-party users. When you want to reach new readers who aren't your mother, however, usability becomes important.
Also, while readers of your intranet weblog might know you, usability is important because your readers are on company time.
Usability Issues
To reach new readers and respect your existing readers' time constraints, test your weblog against the following usability problems.
1. No Author Biographies
Unless you're a business blog, you probably don't need a full-fledged "about us" section the way a corporate site does. That said, the basic rationale for "about us" translates directly into the need for an "about me" page on a weblog: users want to know who they're dealing with.
It's a simple matter of trust. Anonymous writings have less credence than something that's signed. And, unless a person's extraordinarily famous, it's not enough to simply say that Joe Blogger writes the content. Readers want to know more about Joe. Does he have any credentials or experience in the field he's commenting on? (Even if you don't have formal credentials, readers will trust you more if you're honest about that fact, set forth your informal experience, and explain the reason for your enthusiasm.)
2. No Author Photo
Even weblogs that provide author bios often omit the author photo. A photo is important for two reasons:
* It offers a more personable impression of the author. You enhance your credibility by the simple fact that you're not trying to hide. Also, users relate more easily to somebody they've seen.
* It connects the virtual and physical worlds. People who've met you before will recognize your photo, and people who've read your site will recognize you when you meet in person (say, at a conference -- or the company cafeteria if you're an intranet blogger).
A huge percentage of the human brain is dedicated to remembering and recognizing faces. For many, faces work better than names. I learned this lesson myself in 1987 when I included my photo in a HyperCard stack I authored that was widely disseminated on Mac-oriented BBSs. Over the next two years, countless people came up to me and said, "I liked your stack," having recognized me from the photo.
Also, if you run a professional weblog and expect to be quoted in the press, you should follow the recommendations for using the Web for PR and include a selection of high-resolution photos that photo editors can download.
3. Nondescript Posting Titles
Sadly, even though weblogs are native to the Web, authors rarely follow the guidelines for writing for the Web in terms of making content scannable. This applies to a posting's body text, but it's even more important with headlines. Users must be able to grasp the gist of an article by reading its headline. Avoid cute or humorous headlines that make no sense out of context.
Your posting's title is microcontent and you should treat it as a writing project in its own right. On a value-per-word basis, headline writing is the most important writing you do.
Descriptive headlines are especially important for representing your weblog in search engines, newsfeeds (RSS), and other external environments. In those contexts, users often see only the headline and use it to determine whether to click into the full posting. Even if users see a short abstract along with the headline (as with most search engines), user testing shows that people often read only the headline. In fact, people often read only the first three or four words of a headline when scanning a list of possible places to go. Sample bad headlines:
* What Is It That You Want?
* Hey, kids! Comics!
* Victims Abandoned
Sample good headlines:
* Pictures from Die Hunns and Black Halos show
* Office Depot Pays United States $4.75 Million to Resolve False Claims Act Allegations
(too long, but even if you only read the first few words, you have an idea of what it's about)
* Ice cream trucks as church marketing
This last headline works on a church-related blog. If you're writing an ice cream industry blog, start the headline with the word "church" because it's the information-carrying word within a context of all ice cream, all the time.
In browsing weblog headline listings to extract these examples, I noticed several headlines in ALL CAPS. That's always bad. Reading speed is reduced by 10% and users are put off by the appearance of shouting.
4. Links Don't Say Where They Go
Many weblog authors seem to think it's cool to write link anchors like: "some people think" or "there's more here and here." Remember one of the basics of the Web: Life is too short to click on an unknown. Tell people where they're going and what they'll find at the other end of the link.
Generally, you should provide predictive information in either the anchor text itself or the immediately surrounding words. You can also use link titles for supplementary information that doesn't fit with your content. (To see a link title in action, mouse over the "link titles" link.)
A related mistake in this category is to use insider shorthand, such as using first names when you reference other writers or weblogs. Unless you're writing only for your friends, don't alienate new visitors by appearing to be part of a closed clique. The Web is not high school.
5. Classic Hits are Buried
Hopefully, you'll write some pieces with lasting value for readers outside your fan base. Don't relegate such classics to the archives, where people can only find something if they know you posted it, say, in May 2003.
Highlight a few evergreens in your navigation system and link directly to them. For example, my own list of almost 300 Alertbox columns starts by saying, "Read these first: Usability 101 and Top Ten Mistakes of Web Design."
Also, remember to link to your past pieces in newer postings. Don't assume that readers have been with you from the beginning; give them background and context in case they want to read more about your ideas.
6. The Calendar is the Only Navigation
A timeline is rarely the best information architecture, yet it's the default way to navigate weblogs. Most weblog software provides a way to categorize postings so users can easily get a list of all postings on a certain topic. Do use categorization, but avoid the common mistake of tagging a posting with almost all of your categories. Be selective. Decide on a few places where a posting most belongs.
Categories must be sufficiently detailed to lead users to a thoroughly winnowed list of postings. At the same time, they shouldn't be so detailed that users face a category menu that's overly long and difficult to scan. Ten to twenty categories are appropriate for structuring many topics.
On the main page for each category, highlight that category's evergreens as well as a time line of its most recent postings.
7. Irregular Publishing Frequency
Establishing and meeting user expectations is one of the fundamental principles of Web usability. For a weblog, users must be able to anticipate when and how often updates will occur.
For most weblogs, daily updates are probably best, but weekly or even monthly updates might work as well, depending on your topic. In either case, pick a publication schedule and stick to it. If you usually post daily but sometimes let months go by without new content, you'll lose many of your loyal -- and thus most valuable -- readers.
Certainly, you shouldn't post when you have nothing to say. Polluting cyberspace with excess information is a sin. To ensure regular publishing, hold back some ideas and post them when you hit a dry spell.
8. Mixing Topics
If you publish on many different topics, you're less likely to attract a loyal audience of high-value users. Busy people might visit a blog to read an entry about a topic that interests them. They're unlikely to return, however, if their target topic appears only sporadically among a massive range of postings on other topics. The only people who read everything are those with too much time on their hands (a low-value demographic).
The more focused your content, the more focused your readers. That, again, makes you more influential within your niche. Specialized sites rule the Web, so aim tightly.
If you have the urge to speak out on, say, both American foreign policy and the business strategy of Internet telephony, establish two blogs. You can always interlink them when appropriate.
9. Forgetting That You Write for Your Future Boss
Whenever you post anything to the Internet -- whether on a weblog, in a discussion group, or even in an email -- think about how it will look to a hiring manager in ten years. Once stuff's out, it's archived, cached, and indexed in many services that you might never be aware of.
Years from now, someone might consider hiring you for a plum job and take the precaution of 'nooping you first. (Just taking a stab at what's next after Google. Rest assured: there will be some super-snooper service that'll dredge up anything about you that's ever been bitified.) What will they find in terms of naïvely puerile "analysis" or offendingly nasty flames published under your name?
Think twice before posting. If you don't want your future boss to read it, don't post.
10. Having a Domain Name Owned by a Weblog Service
Having a weblog address ending in blogspot.com, typepad.com, etc. will soon be the equivalent of having an @aol.com email address or a Geocities website: the mark of a naïve beginner who shouldn't be taken too seriously.
Letting somebody else own your name means that they own your destiny on the Internet. They can degrade the service quality as much as they want. They can increase the price as much as they want. They can add atop your content as many pop-ups, blinking banners, or other user-repelling advertising techniques as they want. They can promote your competitor's offers on your pages. Yes, you can walk, but at the cost of your loyal readers, links you've attracted from other sites, and your search engine ranking.
The longer you stay at someone else's domain name, the higher the cost of going independent. Yes, it's tempting to start a new weblog on one of the services that offer free accounts. It's easy, it's quick, and it's obviously cheap. But it only costs $8 per year to get your personal domain name and own your own future. As soon as you realize you're serious about blogging, move it away from a domain name that's controlled by somebody else. The longer you delay, the more pain you'll feel when you finally make the move.
- Dec 10 Sat 2005 11:04
需要隱瞞的日本女生2人之旅? 傅婉禎
女性友人2人一起結伴出遊在台灣來說或許不是什麼大事,但在日本上班族眼裡卻是不得不隱瞞的事,原因就在於辦公室的八卦滿天飛,如果跟男友一起出遊的話還能被接受,女生1個人出遊自己都覺得未免太可憐,跟女性友人共同出遊又會有人覺得妳有問題,真是左右不討好難為了自己啊!
就有一個在日本IT企業工作的32歲女性表示,在之前的休假與學生時代的好朋友一起出國去米蘭遊玩,那時剛好沒有男朋友,就被公司的男性說跟學生時代的朋友一起出門很怪。但其實自己心裡的OS是為什麼我要對公司的人說實話呢?基本上也不需要回答他吧!而且,心理最想說的就是在問旅行的伴侶時根本就是性騷擾嘛!
就是這樣的內心交戰,讓很多女性不管跟女性友人共同出遊時是有沒有男朋友,都大概矇混過去就讓公司的同事以為是跟男朋友一起出去玩就好。不過,在日後一旦被揭穿當初是跟女性友人一同出遊的,又會激起公司的男同事們一陣玩笑話取鬧,且在之後又要去旅行時,又會被這些同事拿出來吵冷飯,此起彼落地吐嘈說反正一定是跟女性友人一起去的,自己只好再隨便應付過去,可說是身心俱疲。之所以還願意讓同事講跟女性友人一起出遊,是因為日本女性覺得自己沒有男朋友這件事自己就算能接受,但跟女性友人一同出遊被知道總比自己一人出遊被知道的要好。
某個超過30歲的日本女性就表示,其實在25歲前和女性友人一同出遊是不用隱藏而可以公開的,通常都會變成迎接下個戀情的一個中間休息點,因為年輕時和女性友人一同出遊說不定會吸引覺得妳是「目前」沒有男朋友的男性前來搭訕,但一旦超過30歲後還是沒有男朋友的話,不管怎麼樣都會有覺得自己有商品價值下跌的恐怖感存在。
不過,根據財團法人日本交通公社的調查,佔日本國內旅行的4成,和國外旅行的6成是女性和女性友人的2人之旅,但男性與男性友人的2人之旅就很少聽到,所以大概可以將日本的私人旅行歸類為三種:「情侶之旅」、「女性2人之旅」和「一人之旅」。女性和女性友人兩人出門旅行的最大好處,就是可以放輕鬆不用太過在乎對方,且好比回到學生時代可以一直聊天都不用睡覺,甚至連感情問題都可以商量。另外,在花費部分也全部都採各付各的,金錢不會糾纏不清,心情就會很輕鬆。而女性友人2人之旅國內最常去的地方是北海道,國外則是歐州,另外,最近新堀起的熱門地點就是韓國。
再加上,最近因為JTB對於歐州旅遊的一部分推出了支援一人旅行的企劃,換成一人房只要多加1萬日圓(約台幣3000元),對於本來就討厭和別人同睡一間房的女性來說是一大利多,所以有許多做單身女性2人之旅的女生們都會去申請改換單人房,觀光和吃飯在一起沒關係,但睡覺的時候則還是希望有自己一個人的空間,也就是有逐漸重視私人空間的傾向。
但是,也有日本女性指出說,也不是跟女性友人出遊就一定會玩得很開心的,如果剛好是一個有男友一個沒男友的組合的話,就很殘酷了。在旅行中,如果有男友的不斷講著戀愛的話題,沒男友的只能被強迫當唯一的聽眾,而且偶而還要逼你講一下過去戀愛上痛苦的經驗,還要求妳陪著她去挑要帶回去送男友的東西,儘管是女性的2人之旅但這是最令人苦不堪言的一種。
對此常做女性友人2人之旅的日本女性就表示,如果貿然跟女性友人做3晚以上的旅行,常常會變成2人友情的終點。因此,最好是從一起吃飯、喝酒、週末一同出門,或是先做國內2天1夜的旅行確認看看旅伴的適合度,如果這些都沒問題的話,再加上一些事前溝通得宜,不管在國內做長途旅行或是出國旅行,2人都會是可以讓彼此徹底放鬆的好夥伴,至於別人的眼光就不用太在意了。